Patrick Kelly
Patrick Kelly
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The Story of the Placebo Effect
The placebo effect is the phenomenon where someone derives a benefit after receiving a sham treatment. This is the story of how scientists learned wha the placebo effect is and how they utilized it in clinical trials. Make sure to check out the sources for recommended reading!
☠️NONE OF THE INFORMATION IN THIS VIDEO SHOULD BE USED AS MEDICAL ADVICE OR OPINION. IT IS FOR GENERAL EDUCATION AND ENTERTAINMENT☠️
🔗 L I N K S 🔗
📱Instagram: patkellyteaches
🐦Twitter: PatKellyTeaches
💰Patreon: www.patreon.com/corporis
🔬Old channel: ua-cam.com/users/corporis
📚My favorite books docs.google.com/document/d/1wuG-8EiF2lMbFdEG-9k1qi1d1KZAdGK1o41o7SYed_k/edit?usp=sharing
🔑 P A T R O N S 🔑
Oxytocin Tier: Mike W | Joanne K | Jim C Jr. | Jody O | Paul R
Growth Hormone Tier: Dane M | Brendan P | Brandon K | Richardion G | Joe B | Mindi F | Sal F | Michael G | Brian B | Eileen H | Waffles the Dog | Brian T | Brian H | Michael R | Karen S | Sarah B | Robin B | Jacob S | Hyeon-S | Pranav M | Paul | Lucy Fur | huynhy | elnombre91 | Alcedo | Magmania | Josef K | Kyle K | Dab Brills | Robert M | Kristal C | Unsalted Pecan | Jiggs | TierZoo | Skasi | Jane G | Jack M | Hailey H | Matthew B | Michelle J | Helena SB | Eric L | Marshall K | David S | Ryne CJ | Radomir K | Kilian | Dean M | Ben | Cody S | Michelle L | Joseph G | Aryan Y | GD Annin | Vic K | Becca S | StealthyInk | Jesse B | Aleksander F
📜 S O U R C E S 📜
Placebos by Kathryn Hall (affiliate link) amzn.to/4aDbCA9
A line-by-line breakdown can be found on Patreon. You do not have to pay to access it. www.patreon.com/posts/105448923
Placebo response vs effect (2021) www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8314506/
Placebo effects and the molecular biological components involved (2019) gpsych.bmj.com/content/gpsych/32/5/e100089.full.pdf
Early history of placebo (2013) www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0965229912000866?casa_token=UI-JctlBfPMAAAAA:g3G3QeUpI8Wir-PapscKTHLvKyYnB6x5-z9PaLqlYnD2BW_frfMZCTXA20djqvTWBopcoSx-0vs
William Cullen first use of placebo (1772) www.jameslindlibrary.org/cullen-w-1772/
Cullen secondary www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2254457/
Haygarth Of The Imagination (1800) wellcomecollection.org/works/rxjv2n3y
Elisha Perkins www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2601307/pdf/yjbm00545-0050.pdf
Beecher: Powerful Placebo (1955) www.dcscience.net/beecher-placebo-1955.pdf
Hernstein scopolamine (1958) www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1403849/pdf/jeabehav00207-0066.pdf
Patulin study reprint (1944) pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15082620/
Patulin study commentary www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1557884/
Streptomycin study commentary www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1592068/
Levine, Fields, Gordon Naloxone study (1978) www.researchgate.net/publication/23053306_The_Mechanism_of_Placebo_Analgesia
Parkinsons and placebos (2021) www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/B9780128201077000276
Placebo effects and the molecular biological components involved (2019) gpsych.bmj.com/content/gpsych/32/5/e100089.full.pdf
To tell the truth, the whole truth: nocebo effect in informed consent (2013) www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3352765/
AMA Code of Ethics placebo code-medical-ethics.ama-assn.org/ethics-opinions/use-placebo-clinical-practice
💻 C O N T A C T 💻
patkellyteaches [at] gmail.com
⌛T I M E S T A M P S ⌛
0:00 intro
0:47 Cullen and early placebo
2:50 Haygarth and Perkins Tractors
6:47 Beecher and The Powerful Placebo
9:40 How does placebo effect work in the brain?
17:20 The Nocebo effect
#historyofmedicine #medicalhistory
Переглядів: 29 902

Відео

How Anthrax Changed Infectious Disease
Переглядів 90 тис.Місяць тому
In this video, Patrick Kelly guides you through the microbiology of anthrax disease before telling the story of Robert Koch, whose research on anthrax helped establish the germ theory of disease, a cornerstone of microbiology. Learn how early discoveries paved the way for modern antibiotics and revolutionized our approach to infectious diseases. Whether you're a microbiology enthusiast or just ...
Why Are There So Many Antihistamines? 🤧💊
Переглядів 168 тис.2 місяці тому
Antihistamine drugs are everywhere! While you’re used to the anti-allergy effects of commercially successful drugs like Benadryl and Claritin, popular drugs for motion sickness, peptic ulcers, and even antipsychotics started their lives as antihistamines. It also turns out that important concepts in pharmacology, like the receptor theory, and agonist and antagonist pharmacology, owe their devel...
What Happened to Appendectomies?
Переглядів 619 тис.3 місяці тому
An appendectomy is the surgical removal of an appendix. But there's been a weird pattern in the incidence of appendectomies over the last few decades. ☠️NONE OF THE INFORMATION IN THIS VIDEO SHOULD BE USED AS MEDICAL ADVICE OR OPINION. IT IS FOR GENERAL EDUCATION AND ENTERTAINMENT☠️ 🔗 L I N K S 🔗 📱Instagram: patkellyteaches 🐦Twitter: PatKellyTeaches 💰Patreon: www.patr...
The History of Phage Therapy
Переглядів 130 тис.4 місяці тому
Phage therapy uses viruses called bacteriophages to destroy specific bacteria. Scientists are hopeful that they could become a tool to fight antibiotic-resistant germs. In this video, Patrick Kelly guides you through the history of phage therapy's development. ☠️NONE OF THE INFORMATION IN THIS VIDEO SHOULD BE USED AS MEDICAL ADVICE OR OPINION. IT IS FOR GENERAL EDUCATION AND ENTERTAINMENT☠️ 🔗 L...
Antibiotic Resistance: How Humans Ruined Miracle Drugs
Переглядів 229 тис.5 місяців тому
Antibiotic resistance is possibly the biggest existential threat to humanity. What were the causes, how does it work, and what do we do about it? ☠️NONE OF THE INFORMATION IN THIS VIDEO SHOULD BE USED AS MEDICAL ADVICE OR OPINION. IT IS FOR GENERAL EDUCATION AND ENTERTAINMENT☠️ 🔗 L I N K S 🔗 📱Instagram: patkellyteaches 💰Patreon: www.patreon.com/corporis 📚My favorite books docs.go...
Tetracycline: The Rise of Pfizer
Переглядів 159 тис.6 місяців тому
The history of tetracyclines, including the rise of Lederle-Cyanamid's Aureomycin and Pfizer's Terramycin. ☠️NONE OF THE INFORMATION IN THIS VIDEO SHOULD BE USED AS MEDICAL ADVICE OR OPINION. IT IS FOR GENERAL EDUCATION AND ENTERTAINMENT☠️ 🔗 L I N K S 🔗 📱Instagram: patkellyteaches 🐦Twitter: PatKellyTeaches 💰Patreon: www.patreon.com/corporis 🔬Main channel: ua-cam.com/u...
Streptomycin: The Controversy over the First Tuberculosis Antibiotic (Schatz vs Waksman)
Переглядів 55 тис.7 місяців тому
Streptomycin was the first effective antibiotic against tuberculosis. But it’s discovery was controversial. The credit was awarded mostly to Selman Waksman, but his graduate student, Albert Schatz, had a legitimate claim to the title. In this video, you’ll learn why penicillin doesn’t work on tuberculosis, the discovery story of streptomycin, the pharmacology of aminoglycoside antibiotics, and ...
Penicillin: From Fleming to the Pharmacy
Переглядів 226 тис.8 місяців тому
Penicillin's discovery by Alexander Fleming in 1929 gets a lot of hype as the advent of antibiotics. But in reality, Fleming was just one part of the story. A team from Oxford University led by Howard Florey, in partnership with the Northern Lab in the USA brought penicillin production to the world. In this video, Patrick Kelly tells the history of penicillin. ☠️NONE OF THE INFORMATION IN THIS ...
Sulfa Drugs: the Rise and Fall of Sulfanilamide
Переглядів 471 тис.9 місяців тому
Streptococcus bacteria have caused uncountable deaths from infection throughout history, and in 1935, humanity finally got a tool to fight them. Starting in 1932, Bayer and IG Farben started testing compounds for antibacterial properties. This culminated with Prontosil (sulfanilamide) in 1935, one of the first effective antibacterial drugs. It was uniquely poised to take advantage of streptococ...
What Was The First Antibiotic?
Переглядів 112 тис.10 місяців тому
What Was The First Antibiotic?
The Fascinating Story Behind the Simple Stethoscope | Rene Laennec and the Paris Clinical School
Переглядів 33 тис.11 місяців тому
The Fascinating Story Behind the Simple Stethoscope | Rene Laennec and the Paris Clinical School
The Story of the Rabies Vaccine
Переглядів 684 тис.11 місяців тому
The Story of the Rabies Vaccine
Louis Pasteur vs Robert Koch: The History of Germ Theory
Переглядів 108 тис.Рік тому
Louis Pasteur vs Robert Koch: The History of Germ Theory
Miasma Theory, Explained
Переглядів 115 тис.Рік тому
Miasma Theory, Explained
The Story of John Snow & the Broad Street Pump
Переглядів 56 тис.Рік тому
The Story of John Snow & the Broad Street Pump
The Four Humors, Explained
Переглядів 71 тис.Рік тому
The Four Humors, Explained
The Dark Story of Phrenology
Переглядів 71 тис.Рік тому
The Dark Story of Phrenology
This Crematorium was a HOT MESS | Patrick Kelly
Переглядів 22 тис.Рік тому
This Crematorium was a HOT MESS | Patrick Kelly
How Did We Discover Smoking Causes Cancer? | Patrick Kelly
Переглядів 303 тис.Рік тому
How Did We Discover Smoking Causes Cancer? | Patrick Kelly
Why are Brand Name Drugs more Expensive than Generics? | Patrick Kelly
Переглядів 723 тис.2 роки тому
Why are Brand Name Drugs more Expensive than Generics? | Patrick Kelly
How Arsenic went from Poison to Medicine
Переглядів 70 тис.2 роки тому
How Arsenic went from Poison to Medicine
Was There a Vaccine for the Spanish Flu? (1918 Pandemic) | Patrick Kelly
Переглядів 56 тис.2 роки тому
Was There a Vaccine for the Spanish Flu? (1918 Pandemic) | Patrick Kelly
The Town that Dodged the Spanish Flu Pandemic (Gunnison, Colorado) | Patrick Kelly
Переглядів 32 тис.2 роки тому
The Town that Dodged the Spanish Flu Pandemic (Gunnison, Colorado) | Patrick Kelly
When the Black Death Came to San Francisco | Patrick Kelly
Переглядів 46 тис.2 роки тому
When the Black Death Came to San Francisco | Patrick Kelly
Why Do We Use the BMI? History of the Body Mass Index
Переглядів 69 тис.2 роки тому
Why Do We Use the BMI? History of the Body Mass Index
How This Flower Became Medicine (Foxglove & Digitalis) | Patrick Kelly
Переглядів 28 тис.2 роки тому
How This Flower Became Medicine (Foxglove & Digitalis) | Patrick Kelly
Like the History of Medicine? Read these 10 books | Patrick Kelly
Переглядів 11 тис.2 роки тому
Like the History of Medicine? Read these 10 books | Patrick Kelly
The History of the EpiPen | Patrick Kelly
Переглядів 119 тис.2 роки тому
The History of the EpiPen | Patrick Kelly
The Dark Story Behind Gray's Anatomy | Patrick Kelly
Переглядів 44 тис.2 роки тому
The Dark Story Behind Gray's Anatomy | Patrick Kelly

КОМЕНТАРІ

  • @zer00rdie
    @zer00rdie 3 години тому

    Keyword, "in the US".

  • @haleyperson4415
    @haleyperson4415 4 години тому

    They figured out it's parasites

  • @gmill7911
    @gmill7911 8 годин тому

    It's interesting that hundreds of doctors and other medical professionals all contributed to the evolution of treatment for appendicitis, and my best friend still came within inches of death from a ruptured appendix, as he was repeatedly sent home from the ER with a "tummy ache."

  • @Hocusbogus28
    @Hocusbogus28 9 годин тому

    I work with street dogs a lot. Every year I'm either bitten or scratched by a stay dog. My local nurse knows me personally by this point because of the number of times I have gotten the injection. I never take that chance.

  •  10 годин тому

    It's good to see that you are making the distinction that tar causes cancer, not nicotine.

  • @ki3657
    @ki3657 13 годин тому

    My BMI is overweight, alledgedly, but I simply CANNOT force my body to lose those last 5 kilos. It will rebel and I find myself driven to eat a lot more to regain the lost weight. I'm not sure why this happens but it's very consistent: at 175cm in height, I can get down to 80kg but no lower, at least not without massive bodily protest. Even if I am overweight (which I think I might be) I cannot fix it without my body very clearly telling me to shut up and stop imposing on it. And it's not like I overeat or anything. 1200-2000 calories a day and I just hang around the same weight, unable to reach that mythically healthy BMI.

  • @dustyboialex
    @dustyboialex 14 годин тому

    do you follow John greens efforts to eradicate TB??

  • @mrparts
    @mrparts 17 годин тому

    Interestingly. A friend of the family was suspected of appendicitis and that was the official diagnosis, until an old doctor re-examined and determined it was actually an ectopic pregnancy and she was rushed to surgery and she was saved.

  • @brackencloud
    @brackencloud 20 годин тому

    i have no idea how i got subscribed here, but definitely the content i like. Glad to have it on my subscription page

  • @Abby_Liu
    @Abby_Liu День тому

    no one asked to look at my random bits when I got a laprascopic surgery. boring

  • @trailingupwards
    @trailingupwards 2 дні тому

    The entire placebo effect is due to the trillions of microorganisms which live in your gut.

  • @cococock2418
    @cococock2418 2 дні тому

    Asian people aren't "people of color". They wanna be included in that oppression stack SO BAD but it falls so flat since Asians are the most prosperous racial group in America.

  • @reynoldskynaston9529
    @reynoldskynaston9529 2 дні тому

    Water can make you feel more alert

  • @kiikaala
    @kiikaala 2 дні тому

    This was very interesting and well told. Thank you!

  • @hughbryant898
    @hughbryant898 2 дні тому

    In medical ethics, you have to inform the patient that its placebo - that doesn't wrap sense on me unless you said it after they received it.

  • @DaveTexas
    @DaveTexas 2 дні тому

    I seem to fall into the "nocebo" category, sort of. It’s not about negative effects from placebos for me, but more that when I don’t believe a medication will be effective, it often isn’t. I’m autistic and tend to think extremely logically about things. I also have a host of serious illnesses that are very, very real - like Type 1 Diabetes, spinal stenosis, osteoarthritis, and a degenerative neurological disease that is robbing me of my mobility…painfully. I have some diagnosed illnesses that aren’t what I’d consider "real," but we can’t find a better diagnosis. Chronic Fatigue Syndrome is one. I sleep 11-14 hours every day and I’m exhausted during the hours I’m awake. It’s gone in for nearly five years. If I don’t get my 11-14 hours of sleep every day, I end up sleeping 18-20 hours after two or three days. I never believed CFS to be a "real" disease and I’m convinced there’s something going on that my doctors have missed, but I’ve had every test and scan imaginable multiple times and nothing has made itself apparent. I take all sorts of medications. Insulin, obviously, which has measurable effects. Many of the other medications I take aren’t as "measurable" in their effects, though. I’ve taken all sorts of medications for pain and other neurological symptoms. Many don’t seem to do anything. I’ve been told by my psychiatrist that my negative attitude toward medication might be causing me to feel that I’m receiving no benefit from certain medications. There are medications I’ve been prescribed that I don’t believe will work to treat my symptoms. And, about half the time, they don’t. Some surprise me. Certain medications for nerve pain worked far better than I could have ever expected. If I forget a dose, I really feel it. Other medications for inflammation don’t help my pain at all. As I’m highly depressed most of the time, I’ve taken all sorts of medications to treat depression. I’ve only ever taken one that had a noticeable effect on my depression. Of course, I had a severe reaction to it due to liver toxicity (which nearly killed me because liver toxicity wasn’t a known side effect of that particular drug and therefore I wasn’t taken off that drug for months while we searched in vain for the cause of my liver failure). So the only medication I’ve ever found to effectively treat my depression is one I can’t take. Fun! Anyway, I don’t technically suffer from the "nocebo" effect, but I seem to suffer from something related to it. I’ve tried to make myself believe that a drug would work, but you can’t force yourself to believe in something you don’t actually believe in. It’s why I’m an atheist despite growing up in a very religious household and having gone through extensive religious education. There is zero evidence for anything supernatural - gods, angels, ghosts, spirits, demons, whatever - so I don’t believe they’re real. Thus, "believing" that a medication will work when I’ve seen no evidence for its efficacy doesn’t do it for me. Anyway, that’s my story. I absolutely love watching you, Patrick Kelly, so I always try to comment on your videos to help boost their position in the almighty algorithm. You make such intelligent, thought-provoking content. You’re also adorably cute, which I probably shouldn’t say but I have no filter so what the heck…

  •  2 дні тому

    Germs come from Germany!

  • @thepain321
    @thepain321 2 дні тому

    Pointing metal objects or any instrument at pain or wound, then approaching that spot can cause the pain to stop briefly from the anxiety or nervous fear response. The idea that a worse pain is about to happen, causes something to happen mentally or physically. I have felt it plenty of times.

  • @FranBunnyFFXII
    @FranBunnyFFXII 2 дні тому

    That Liquid Death part I just want to point this out: It doesn't look like an energy drink, it looks alcoholic canned drink. Which is the purpose of these drinks to look like you're drinking alcohol. It's even marketed as being canned from Austrian Alp water, it's quite literally pulling on Austria's famous wine, and Germany's famous beer reputation. It was inspired by people drinking water out of monster cans at concerts but it's biggest pull and intent is to look like an alcoholic drink similar to that of White Claw and Mikes Hard.

  • @anon746912
    @anon746912 2 дні тому

    Over time you've become one of my favourite channels. Keep up the good work and consistency! I love learning these things.

  • @510235
    @510235 2 дні тому

    my poor rabbits and dogs T_T

  • @NitroDubzzz
    @NitroDubzzz 2 дні тому

    WOAH GET THAT FREAK IN A DRESS OFF MY SCREEN

  • @lpc9929
    @lpc9929 2 дні тому

    Im am infertile from eating scented candles. The

  • @Languslangus
    @Languslangus 3 дні тому

    👨‍⚕

  • @nunyaefinbiz
    @nunyaefinbiz 3 дні тому

    LAPAROSCOPIC NUMBERS ARE SKEWED...ALL SURGERIES ARE SCHED. AS LAPS..THEY COST MORE, YET OFTEN NORMAL SURG IS REQUIRED @ TIME OF SURGERY... I AM PROOF OF THAT. PAID FOR LAP & FRANKENSTEIN SCAR.......

  • @frogmyfairchild7185
    @frogmyfairchild7185 3 дні тому

    I always think about Madeline getting her appendix removed and saying “voila, my scar!”

  • @chevyboyforlife4234
    @chevyboyforlife4234 3 дні тому

    The placebo effect cannot help somebody when they are dope sick

  •  3 дні тому

    Buying up smaller companies and raising prices should be good: it encourages people to start more smaller companies.

  •  3 дні тому

    The act requiring efficacy was arguably one of the big drivers of cost in drug research, and also of slowing down the pace of new drug discoveries. (As said later in the video.) Compare and contrast how your doctor can prescribe you any medication for any ailment off-label, even if the FDA only has efficacy trials for one specific ailment.

  • @Newmusellemihayat
    @Newmusellemihayat 3 дні тому

    Thank you as a med student i felt disconnected from what i study your videos are hyping me up again

  • @Newmusellemihayat
    @Newmusellemihayat 3 дні тому

    People go to galileo when they are picked apart by the scientific community dude galielo got fucked by politics not other scientists

  • @Mystickneon
    @Mystickneon 3 дні тому

    That's funny.... I am literally minutes from heading into the hospital for a scheduled laparoscopic appendectomy. Score a creepy point for the algorithm! It exploded last month, and the surgeon said it would be better to let things settle before gong in. A cutter that doesn't want to cut - surprising! I have been told that it might be an outpatient procedure. He explained a contingency in the event that part of the intestine needs to be debrided, I'll be in the hospital for a few days, as they will need to remove and staple parts of the intestine and colon. They won't know until they get in there under the hood. He said I'm doing really well, though, and that contingency is unlikely. I've had a drain in for a month or so now.... it will be so nice to be able to sleep on my right side and take a proper shower again!!!

  • @23ofSeptember
    @23ofSeptember 3 дні тому

    I just had an Appendectomy in Japan. They removed it and it was hard as a rock.

  • @jimmycain8669
    @jimmycain8669 3 дні тому

    I ain’t got a story. Don’t go to doctors so been diagnosed with nothing.

  • @almightysosa3007
    @almightysosa3007 3 дні тому

    My placebo is making a decaf cup of coffee every now and then to trick my brain into believing I’m having caffeine and that way I don’t have withdrawal symptoms. It’s unbelievable how effective this simple trick can be.

  • @Subfightr
    @Subfightr 3 дні тому

    Thank you so much for this, I've always wondered the history of this. I feel like people give waaaay to much credit to the placebo, the regression to the mean makes perfect sense.

  • @apeacebone6499
    @apeacebone6499 3 дні тому

    It's wild to me that it's possible to feel the placebo effect even if you KNOW what you're taking isn't real. The mind, the body, our memories, our perception... what an incredible system we are.

  • @ellemarr7234
    @ellemarr7234 3 дні тому

    Obsessed with everything you upload. I guess I’ll be tucking into bed with a little anthrax lesson. Cheers 🥂 😂

  • @destinyballard925
    @destinyballard925 3 дні тому

    I watched legally blonde about two weeks ago and it still took me a second to realize 😂

  • @robertwood9984
    @robertwood9984 3 дні тому

    A number of novel treatments started in the early 1900's. My readings indicate the equivalent of the FDA shut them down.

  • @Sugar3Glider
    @Sugar3Glider 3 дні тому

    It wasn't just painful. It was outright detrimental

  • @DavidRN85
    @DavidRN85 4 дні тому

    I think a really interesting line of placebo investigation is with GLP-1 medications, especially some of the newest ones in clinical trials, CagriSema and retatrutide. Both of them are exceedingly potent at causing weight loss and Aunt, the ladder is extremely potent at improving cardiometabolic measures such as cholesterol and triglycerides, it makes me wonder is it ethical to continue to do placebo-controlled trials when we know something works that well? And how do you keep it truly blinded when patients are losing a quarter of their body weight over the course of a year. Really makes for an interesting dilemma for trial design And brings up questions of ethicality with placebos

  • @Rico-Suave_
    @Rico-Suave_ 4 дні тому

    Great video, thank you very much, note to self (nts) watched all of it ,

  • @paytonpryor
    @paytonpryor 4 дні тому

    I feel so bad for these placebo patients. Placebos are unethical, in my opinion.

  • @RedFail1-1
    @RedFail1-1 4 дні тому

    Messing with people's pain is so messed up... As someone who has been suffering from slipped and herniated discs for the last 15 years, without any medicine for many many of those years. Then when it was at it's worst after reinjury, being given Tylenol that messed up my liver and gave no relief. I can't imagine having surgery and then being given NOTHING. TWICE. Being given naloxone that makes the pain worse?... I've already been in so much agony for so long I was seriously considering ending it just to escape the pain.. I'd absolutely throw a fit and have heads on platters. Yeah your experiment doesn't work if they know, but giving someone something they expect to help with pain, knowing that does nothing, or with naloxone does the OPPOSITE. That's absolutely criminal. Do those tests on your own family and see how you feel about it after.

    • @kyradreamer4769
      @kyradreamer4769 3 дні тому

      As much as I love learning about this stuff, it's really hard to watch it and take it without the real world context of knowing that marginalized groups are underrepresented in medical trials, poor people are often taken advantage of by them, and a lot of people(especially women and people with chronic illnesses) have their health issues and pain ignored by doctors and told it's all just in their head. I do feel like especially in a conversation like this, those are relevant points to bring up.

  • @lizsturtridge3436
    @lizsturtridge3436 4 дні тому

    11:53 the legally blonde reference has me cackling 😂🙈

  • @amym.4823
    @amym.4823 4 дні тому

    "Happy people just don't shoot their husbands." 😂

  • @USARAY1947
    @USARAY1947 4 дні тому

    I had my healthy appendix removed so the remainder of a possibly cancerous intestinal polyp could be removed. The appendix was blocking the total removal via colonoscopy. Turns out the polyp wasn't cancerous but I would do it again.